Arrays in C++
An array is a collection of elements of the same type placed in contiguous memory locations that can be individually referenced by using an index to a unique identifier.
A one-dimensional array is a list of variables with the same data type, whereas the two-Dimensional array is ‘array of arrays’ having similar data types. A specific element in an array is accessed by a particular index of that array. Arrays in Java work differently as compared to C. Two – dimensional array is the simplest form of a multidimensional array. We can see a two – dimensional array as an array of one – dimensional array for easier understanding. The basic form of declaring a two-dimensional array of size x, y: Syntax: datatype arraynamexy; datatype: Type of data to be stored. Valid C/C data type. Study C MCQ Questions and Answers on Arrays, Multidimensional Arrays and Pointers. Easily attend technical interviews after reading these Multiple Choice Questions. Go through C Theory Notes on Arrays before studying questions. An array of arrays (i.e. A two-dimensional array in C) decays into a pointer to an array, not a pointer to a pointer. Pointers to arrays can be confusing, and must be treated carefully. (The confusion is heightened by the existence of incorrect compilers, including some versions of pcc and pcc-derived lint's, which improperly accept assignments.
Five values of type int can be declared as an array without having to declare five different variables (each with its own identifier).
For example, a five element integer array foo may be logically represented as;
where each blank panel represents an element of the array. In this case, these are values of type int. These elements are numbered from 0 to 4, with 0 being the first while 4 being the last; In C++, the index of the first array element is always zero. As expected, an n array must be declared prior its use. A typical declaration for an array in C++ is:
where type is a valid type (such as int, float ...), name is a valid identifier and the elements field (which is always enclosed in square brackets []), specifies the size of the array.
int, can be declared as:NOTE
: The elements field within square brackets [], representing the number of elementsin the array, must be a constant expression, since arrays are blocks of static memory whose size must be known at compile time.Initializing arrays
By default, are left uninitialized. This means that none of its elements are set to anyparticular value; their contents are undetermined at the point the array is declared.
The initializer can even have no values, just the braces:
This creates an array of five int values, each initialized with a value of zero:
Visual Basic Two Dimensional Array
But, the elements in an array can be explicitly initialized to specific values when it is declared, by enclosing those initial values in braces {}. For example:
This statement declares an array that can be represented like this:
The number of values between braces {} shall not be greater than the number of elements in the array. For example, in the example above, foo was declared having 5 elements (as specified by the number enclosed in square brackets, []), and the braces {} contained exactly 5 values, one for each element. If declared with less, the remaining elements are set to their default values (which for fundamental types, means they are filled with zeroes). For example:
Will create an array like this:
When an initialization of values is provided for an array, C++ allows the possibility of leaving the square brackets empty[]. In this case, the compiler will assume automatically a size for the array that matches the number of values included between the braces {}:
After this declaration, array foo would be five int long, since we have provided five initialization values.
Finally, the evolution of C++ has led to the adoption of universal initialization also for arrays. Therefore, there is no longer need for the equal sign between the declaration and the initializer. Both these statements are equivalent:
Here, the number of the array n is calculated by the compiler by using the formula n= #of initializers/sizeof(int).
Static arrays, and those declared directly in a namespace (outside any function), are always initialized. If no explicit initializer is specified, all the elements are default-initialized (with zeroes, for fundamental types).
Array accessing
The values of any of the elements in an array can be accessed just like the value of a regular variable of the same type. The syntax is:
name[index] Following the previous examples in which foo had 5 elements and each of those elements was of type int, the name which can be used to refer to each element is the following:
For example, the following statement stores the value 75 in the third element of foo:
and, for example, the following copies the value of the fourth element of foo to a variable called x:
Two Dimensional Array C Argument
Therefore, the expression foo[2] or foo[4] is always evaluated to an int. Notice that the third element of foo is specified foo[2], the second one is foo[1], since the first one is foo[0]. It’s last element is therefore foo[4]. If we write foo[5], we would be accessing the sixth element of foo, and therefore actually exceeding the size of the array.
In C++, it is syntactically correct to exceed the valid range of indices for an array. This can create problems, since accessing out-of-range elements do not cause errors on compilation, but can cause errors on runtime. The reason for this being allowed because index checking slows down program execution. At this point, it is important to be able to clearly distinguish between the two uses that brackets [] have related to arrays. They perform two different tasks: one is to specify the size of arrays when they are declared; and the second one is to specify indices for concrete array elements when they are accessed. Do not confuse these two possible uses of brackets [] with arrays.
The main difference is that the declaration is preceded by the type of the elements, while the access is not.
Some other valid operations with arrays:
For example:
12206Multidimensional arrays
Multidimensional arrays can be described as 'arrays of arrays'. For example, a bi-dimensional array can be imagined as a two-dimensional table made of elements, all of them hold same type of elements.
Table represents a bi-dimensional array of 3 per 5 elements of type int. The C++ syntax for this is
and, for example, the way to reference the second element vertically and fourth horizontally in an expression would be:
(remember that array indices always begin with zero).
Multidimensional arrays are not limited to two indices (i.e., two dimensions). They can contain as many indices as needed. Although be careful: the amount of memory needed for an array increases exponentially with each dimension. For example:
Declares an array with an element of type char for each second in a century. This amounts to more than 3 billion char! So this declaration would consume more than 3 gigabytes of memory! And such a declaration is highly improbable and it underscores inefficient use of memory space.
At the end, multidimensional arrays are just an abstraction for programmers, since the same results can be achieved with a simple array, by multiplying its indices:
With the only difference that with multidimensional arrays, the compiler automatically remembers the depth of each imaginary dimension. The following two pieces of code produce the exact same result, but one uses a bi-dimensional array while the other uses a simple array:
Pseudo-multidimensional array
None of the two code snippets above produce any output on the screen, but both assign values to the memory block called jimmy in the following way:
Note that the code uses named constants for the width and height, instead of using directly their numerical values. This gives the code a better readability, and allows changes in the code to be made easily in one place.
Using Loop to input an Two-Dimensional Array from user
Arrays as Parameters
Two-dimensional arrays can be passed as parameters to a function, and they are passed by reference. This means that the function can directly access and modified the contents of the passed array. When declaring a two-dimensional array as a formal parameter, we can omit the size of the first dimension, but not the second; that is, we must specify the number of columns. For example:
void print(int A[][3],int N, int M) In order to pass to this function an array declared as:
int arr[4][3]; we need to write a call like this:
print(arr);Here is a complete example:
Engineers use two dimensional arrays in order to represent matrices. The code for a function that finds the sum of the two matrices A and B are shown below.
Function to find the sum of two Matrices
Function to find out transpose of a matrix A
Arrays as parameters
At some point, we may need to pass an array to a function as a parameter. In C++, it is not possible to pass the entire block of memory represented by an array to a function directly as an argument. But what can be passed instead is its address. In practice, this has almost the same effect, and it is a much faster and more efficient operation.
To accept an array as parameter for a function, the parameters can be declared as the array type, but with empty brackets, omitting the actual size of the array. For example:
This function accepts a parameter of type 'array of int' called arg. In order to pass to this function an array declared as:
it would be enough to write a call like this:
Here you have a complete example:
Solution
In the code above, the first parameter (int arg[]) accepts any array whose elements are of type int, whatever its length. For that reason, we have included a second parameter that tells the function the length of each array that we pass to it as its first parameter.
In a function declaration, it is also possible to include multidimensional arrays. The format for a tridimensional array parameter is:
For example, a function with a multidimensional array as argument could be:
Notice that the first brackets [] are left empty, while the following ones specify sizes for their respective dimensions. This is necessary in order for the compiler to be able to determine the depth of each additional dimension.
In a way, passing an array as argument always loses a dimension. The reason behind is that, for historical reasons, arrays cannot be directly copied, and thus what is really passed is a pointer. This is a common source of errors for novice programmers. Although a clear understanding of pointers, explained in a coming chapter, helps a lot.